Cameras can have varied levels of environmental sealing to protect them from splashing water, moisture (humidity and fog), dust, and sand, as well as complete waterproofness to a specific depth and duration. The latter is one of two techniques to underwater photography; the other is to employ waterproof housings. Many waterproof digital cameras are also shockproof and can withstand low temperatures.
Some waterproof cameras can be equipped with a waterproof casing to extend their working depth range. The Olympus ‘Tough’ compact camera line is an example.
Digital cameras typically feature preset presets for specific applications. Within the restrictions of correct exposure, numerous factors can be modified, including exposure, aperture, focusing, light metering, white balance, and equivalent.
sensitivity. For example, a portrait photographer may use a bigger aperture to blur the background and seek for and focus on a human face rather than other image content.
Few cameras come with a voice note (audio-only) recording feature.[82]
Scene modes
Vendors include a variety of scene modes in camera firmwares for a variety of purposes, such as a “landscape mode” that prevents focusing on rainy and/or stained window glass, such as a windshield, and a “sports mode” that reduces motion blur of moving subjects by shortening exposure time with increased light sensitivity. Firmwares may include the ability to automatically select a suitable scene mode using artificial intelligence.[83][84]
Image Data Storage
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A CompactFlash (CF) card is one of numerous media types used to store digital photos.
The user interface for a digital camera (Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ10) indicates the approximate number of remaining photos.
Many camera phones, as well as most standalone digital cameras, store image data on flash memory cards or other removable storage devices. The majority of standalone cameras use SD format, with only a few using CompactFlash, CFexpress, or other formats. In January 2012, a faster XQD card format was introduced.[85] In early 2014, several high-end cameras featured two hot-swappable memory slots. Photographers can swap one of the memory cards with the camera turned on. Every memory slot Can accommodate either Compact Flash or SD Card. All new Sony cameras feature two memory slots, one for Memory Stick and one for SD Card, which are not hot-swappable.[86]
The firmware calculates the approximate number of remaining photographs until space exhaustion during use and displays it in the viewfinder to prepare the user for an imminent memory card hot swap and/or file offload.
A few cameras employed alternative portable storage devices, such as Microdrives (extremely small hard disk drives), CD singles (185 MB),[87], and 3.5″ floppy disks. Other odd formats are:
Onboard (internal) flash memory — Low-cost cameras and cameras used for purposes other than the device’s primary function (such as a camera phone). Some have small capacity, like 100.
Megabytes or fewer, where the intended use is buffer storage for continuous operation during memory card hot swaps.The Panasonic PV-SD4090[89] and PV-SD5000[90] digital cameras supported both SuperDisk (LS120) and 3.5″ floppy disks. [88]
PC Card hard drives—early professional cameras (discontinued).[91]
PC Card flash memory cards.[92]
Thermal printer—known exclusively in the Casio Petit Colle ZR-1 and ZR-10[93][94]. The Agfa ePhoto CL30 Clik! printer uses Zink technology to print photographs instantaneously instead of saving them. It also uses PocketZip media.
Mini Compact Disc
Microdrives (CF-II)
Microdrives (CF-II)
USB Flash Drive
USB Flash Drive
3.5 inch floppy disks
3.5 inch floppy disks
Sony’s proprietary memory sticks
Sony’s proprietary memory sticks
Most makers of digital cameras do not.
supply drivers and software to make their cameras compatible with Linux or other free software.[Clarification needed] Nonetheless, many cameras employ the standard USB mass storage and/or Media Transfer Protocol, which are widely supported. The gPhoto project supports other cameras, and many PCs provide memory card readers.
File Formats
Main article: Image File Formats
The Joint Photography Experts Group standard (JPEG) is the most widely used file format for image data. Other file types include TIFF (Tagged picture File Format) and a variety of raw picture formats.
Many cameras, particularly high-end models, support raw image formats. A raw image is an unfiltered set of pixel data obtained straight from the camera’s sensor and typically recorded in a proprietary format. Adobe Systems has published the DNG format, which is a royalty-free raw image format utilized by at least ten camera manufacturers.
Raw files were previously processed via specialized picture editing tools, but many common editing programs, including Google’s Picasa, have since added raw image capabilities. Rendering to standard pictures from raw sensor data gives you more freedom to make big changes without sacrificing image quality or retaking the photo.
Movie formats include AVI, DV, MPEG, MOV (sometimes includes motion JPEG), WMV, and ASF (which is nearly identical to WMV). Recent formats include MP4, which is based on the QuickTime format and employs updated compression methods to allow for longer recording times in the same space.
Other formats used in cameras (but not for photographs) are The Design Rule for Camera Format (DCF) is an ISO regulation that has been used in practically all cameras since 1998 to determine internal file structure and nomenclature. The Digital Print Order Format (DPOF) is also utilized, which specifies the order in which images will be printed and the number of copies. The DCF 1998 provides a logical file system with 8.3 filenames and requires the physical layer to use either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, or exFAT to maximize platform portability.[95]
Most cameras incorporate Exif data, which offers photo metadata. Exif data may comprise aperture, exposure time, focal length, date, and time of capture. Some are able to tag their location.
Directory and file structure
Main article: Design rules for camera file system. To ensure interoperability, DCF specifies the file system for picture and sound files to be utilized on formatted DCF media (such as removable or non-removable memory) as FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, or exFAT.[96] Media with a capacity more than 2 GB must be formatted as FAT32 or exFAT.
A digital camera’s filesystem includes a DCIM (Digital Camera IMages) directory, which can contain multiple subdirectories with names like “123ABCDE” that include a unique directory number (in the range 100…999) and five alphanumeric characters that can be freely chosen and frequently refer to the camera’s manufacturer. These directories contain files with names like “ABCD1234.JPG” that start with four alphanumeric characters (often “100_”, “DSC0”, “DSCF”, “IMG_”, “MOV_”, or “P000”) and end with a number.
The handling of directories with possible user-created duplicate numbers may differ between camera firmware versions.
DCF 2.0 now supports DCF optional files recorded in an optional color space (i.e. Adobe RGB rather than sRGB). Such files must be identified with a leading “_” (for example, “_DSC” rather than “100_” or “DSC0”).[96]
Thumbnail files
Some suppliers’ firmwares generate low-resolution thumbnail files for films and raw photos to allow for the speedy and efficient loading of many images in miniature view while retaining meta data. Canon camera serial numbers, for example, finish in.THM.[97] A thumbnail image can already be stored separately in JPEG.[98]
Batteries
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Digital cameras have shrunk over time, necessitating the continual development of a battery small enough to fit inside the camera while also providing adequate power for an extended period of time.[Citation needed]
Digital cameras use either proprietary or ordinary consumer batteries. As of March 2014, the majority of cameras utilize proprietary lithium-ion batteries, but others use regular AA batteries or a proprietary lithium-ion rechargeable battery pack with an optional AA battery holder.
